Cancer :: essays research papers fc

The Mysterious Face of Cancer Statement of Purpose: What people need to understand though is yes cancer is Life-altering chain of events but cancer is not the end of the world. I. Death is inevitable; there is no way around it. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are more than one hundred types of cancer. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three main ways doctors and scientists detect cancer in a patient. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If a patient does have cancer and it is detected in the early stages there is a greater chance of recovery. II. There are three main types of cancer treatment doctor’s use.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most cancers are treatable if they are detected in the early stages. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sadly, many people discover they have cancer after is too late. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several warning signs that may save a patients life. III. Scientists may not know right now why cancer affects certain people but they do know that it has nothing to do with age or gender. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the United States about 8.4 million Americans alive today have a history of cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Nearly 552,200 people will develop cancer in the next year. C. There are several steps a person can take to reduce his or her risk of developing the cancer virus. The Mysterious Face Of Cancer Every person on earth will eventually one day have to leave it behind. It is not the choice of the person whether they go peacefully or whether they go with pain. More often than not a person will go with pain. This is the case with cancer. More and more people die everyday from cancer and it appears to ruin the lives of all those associated with it. What people need to understand though is yes cancer is a life altering chain of events but cancer is not the end of the world. Death is inevitable; there is no way around it. Perhaps cancer patients realize this more than anyone. â€Å"All creatures born upon this earth must, in the end, die. Some live long and peaceful lives. But others are caught up in struggles—must fight for their lives† (Silverstein 12-13). This is the case with cancer. Cancer patients will struggle and fight for their lives and not have the luxury of dying peacefully. The cause of cancer is still unknown to scientists but they have been able to come up with some possible explanations. Cancer affects newborn babies, boys, girls, women, men, animals and even plants. The possible causes of the cancers that affect each of these groups include chemicals in the body, viruses, ultraviolet rays, smoking, and it has been proven to be hereditary in some cases.

Decreasing Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections Essay

Urinary Tract Infections are one of the most common hospital-acquired infection and many are associated with an indwelling catheter. For each day a catheter is in place the risk of developing a CAUTI increases 3%-7% (Kahnen, Flanders, & Magalong, 2011 ). Although indwelling urinary catheters are widely used in hospitalized patients and can provide an appropriate means of therapeutic management, they are often used without clear indications putting the patient at a risk for complications during their hospitalization. Complications related to a urinary catheter include physical and psychological discomfort to the patient, bladder calculi, renal inflammation and most frequently CAUTI (Bernard, Hunter, & Moore, 2012, 32(1)). Not only does the urinary catheter cause complications to the patient and put them at a higher risk for morbidity and mortality they also increase the hospital costs. Therefore CAUTIs are considered by the Medicare and Medicaid Services to represent a reasonably prev entable complication of hospitalization and as such will not provide any additional payment to hospitals for CAUTI treatment (American Association of Critical Care Nurses, 2012). A great amount of attention has been placed on improving quality of care and minimizing preventable harms that are occurring in the healthcare setting. With the passage of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 and the implementation of the Final Rule in October 2008 the CMS, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, will no longer pay hospitals for the additional cost of care resulting from hospital-acquired conditions such as CAUTI (Palmer, Lee, & Wroe, 2013, 33(1)). Urinary tract infections can lead to bacteremia which can produce fever, chills, confusion, hypotension and leukocytosis, but more seriously can lead to the patient becoming septic (Palmer, Lee, & Wroe, 2013, 33(1)). More than 13,000 deaths occurred in 2002 associated with UTI and increased the costs of hospital visits by an additional $600 per CAUTI episode by increasing the length of the hospital stay, tests needed and antibiotics administered (Meddings, Reichert, & Rogers, 2012). Guidelines  have been established and CAUTI prevention bundles have been implemented throughout hospitals to aid in the reduction of CAUTI. These bundles outline a group of evidence based interventions aimed at reducing overall usage of indwelling urinary catheters, encourage timely removal of catheters no longer clinically indicated, and delineates infection prevention strategies to follow when catheters are in place (Kahnen, Flanders, & Magalong, 2011 ). Indications for use of an indwelling catheter for a short term period, meaning less than 30 days, include urinary retention, obstruction of the urinary tract, close monitoring of the urine output of critically ill patients, urinary incontinence that poses a great risk to the patient because of stage 3 or greater ulcer to the sacral area, and for comfort care of the terminally ill patient (Bernard, Hunter, & Moore, 2012, 32(1)). Even though there are guidelines to follow urinary catheters are often placed for inappropriate or poorly documented reasons with totals close to 50% not being needed (Bernard, Hunter, & Moore, 2012, 32(1)). The majority of unnecessary urinary catheters are placed in the emergency department without a doctor order or if there is an order there is no documentation of the need for the catheter. This lack of documented rationale has proved to be an ongoing problem. Other factors relating to catheters are that the assessment of the continued need for the catheter is often overlooked and the catheters remain intact without proper indications. Urinary catheters are often used for personal preference of the nursing staff and even with the best nursing care, each day a catheter is present the risk for infection goes up 3%-10% (Burnett, Erikson, & Hunt, 2010). Evidence based strategies are used to decrease the use of indwelling urinary catheters. Some of these strategies are nurse driven and include the charge nurse or staff nurse assessing the need for the catheter after a period of time and discussing with the doctor the finding or following a standing order for the catheter. Data was collected on this process for a 6 month time frame and showed that the active intervention of daily consultation and review of the need for a catheter significantly reduced the number of indwelling urinary catheter days per month as well as the number of CAUTIs (Bernard, Hunter, & Moore, 2012, 32(1)). Another study according to Fakih et al. (2008) used  quasi-experimental design that made use of nurse led multidisciplinary rounds. The nurses were given education guidelines on the indications for urinary catheters based on recommendations by the CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Fakih, 2008). During the daily rounds of the nurse if there wer e no indications for the continued use of the catheter the nurse would contact the physician for an order to discontinue. This process drastically reduced the number of days the catheter was used and also the percentage of catheters in use (Fakih, 2008). According to the American Association of Critical Care nurses the expected practice of a nurse to reduce CAUTIs is that prior to the placement of the catheter assess the patient for any accepted indications and alternatives, adhere to aseptic technique for placement and maintenance of the catheter, document all instances of the catheter including the insertion date, indication and removal date. Nurses should also promptly discontinue the urinary catheter as soon as the indications expire. In order to follow the best practice there should be written guidelines for the catheter including indications and that only patients meeting these requirements have urinary catheters placed (American Association of Critical Care Nurses, 2012). Have available in the department devices, supplies, and techniques that allow alternative routes (American Association of Critical Care Nurses, 2012). Several other actions are recommended such as reviewing on a daily basis the need for the catheter, develop systems to ensure prompt removal of the catheters, implement infection surveillance programs to measure the days and rates of CAUTI, and develop an action plan to address needed improvements (American Association of Critical Care Nurses, 2012). Surveillance data suggests that 4.5 out of 100 hospitalized patients get hospital acquired infections with 32% of them having a urinary tract source associated with a catheter (Meddings, Reichert, & Rogers, 2012). One assessment made in the research was that hospitals with higher CAUTI rates may not have a higher incidence of CAUTI than another reporting hospital they may do a better job documenting the results of indwelling catheter use. By 2015, rates of hospital-acquired events will be used to report hospitals performances and compare them nationwide causing a reduction in the payments  made by Medicaid. References American Association of Critical Care Nurses. (2012). Cathter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections. AACN Bold Voices, 13. Bernard, M., Hunter, K., & Moore, K. (2012, 32(1)). Review of strategies to decrease the duration of indwelling urethral catheters and reduce the incidence of catheter associated UTI. Urologic Nursing, 29-37. Burnett, K., Erikson, D., & Hunt, A. (2010). Strategies to prevent Urinary Tract Infection from Urinary Catheter Insertion in the Emergency Department . Journal of Emergency Medicine, 546-550. Fakih, M. D. (2008). Effects of nurse led multidisciplinary rounds on reducing the unnecessary use of urinary catherizations inhospitalized patients. Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 815-819. Kahnen, D., Flanders, S., & Magalong, T. (2011 ). CAUTI: Making them Matter. Academy of Medical Surgical Nurses, 4-7. Meddings, J., Reichert, H., & Rogers, M. (2012). Effects of nonpayment for hospital acquired CAUTI. American College of Physicians, 305-312. Palmer, J., Lee, G., & Wroe, P. (2013, 33(1)). Including Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in the 2008 CMS Payment Policy: A Qualitative Analysis. Urologic Nursing, 15-24.

Global Climate Change Has Been Scientifically Proven

Over the last several decades, global climate change has been scientifically proven to be a result of human activity (â€Å"Carbon Dioxide Emissions†). Industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, and changes in land use have altered the balance of greenhouse gases (GHG’s) in the Earth’s atmosphere. (City of New York et al. 2013) By increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide and other GHG’s in Earth’s atmosphere, our modern society is gradually warming the planet and altering its climate (â€Å"Carbon Dioxide Emissions†). Most recently, a March 2012 study found that climatic changes resulting from a warming planet have already increased the frequency of extreme weather events, â€Å"most notably heat waves and precipitation extremes† (â€Å"Carbon Dioxide Emissions†). As New York experienced not too long ago with Hurricane Sandy, the Earth’s climate and weather patterns have responded to such changes, with increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, loss of animal and plant species, impacts to human health, disruption of ecosystems, and other effects (City of New York et al. 2013) Such effects of human-induced climate change present potential threats to the infrastructure, economy, and health of not only New York City but the entire U.S. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities (â€Å"Carbon Dioxide Emissions†). 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